NOTES
(n1.) W. R. Wedel ed., The Dunbar-Allis Letters on the Pawnee (New York: Garland Press, 1985), 611.
(n2.) Gene Weltfish, The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965), 28.
(n3.) F. R. Ankersmit, "Historiography and Postmodernism," History and Theory, 28, 2 (1989), 146-7. The quote about history as allegory is from Hans Kellner, "Narrative in History: Post-Structuralism and Since," History and Theory, Beiheft 26 (1987), 1-29.
(n4.) Hayden White, The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1987), 45. Also Wulf Kansteiner, "Hayden White's Critique of the Writing of History," History and Theory, 32, 3 (1993), 273-95.
(n5.) Edwin James, An Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, in Reuben G. Thwaites, Early Western Travels (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1905), vol. 14, 288-321, vol. 15, 11-42, vol. 17, 158-70. Charles Augustus Murray, Travels in North America in the Years 1834, 1835, and 1836 (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1839), vol. 1, 215-26.
(n6.) Gottlieb F. Oehler and David Z. Smith, Description of a Journey and Visit to the Pawnee Indians... April 22-May 18, 1851, Moravian Church Miscellany, 1851-2, 30. Oehler and Smith wrote that the Pawnee men regarded themselves as "lords" and the women as "inferior" beings.
(n7.) Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 576-9; Sara M. Evans, Born For Liberty: A History of Women in America (New York: The Free Press, 1989), 93-101.
(n8.) Ankersmit, "Historiography and Postmodernism," 147.
(n9.) Sandra L. Myres, Westering Women and the Frontier Experience, 1800-1915 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), 6-7, 163-5; Gerda Lerner, The Woman in American History (Menlo Park: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1971), 32; Kenneth F. Kiple, ed., The Cambridge Worm History of Human Disease (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 528, 1061.
(n10.) Margaret Mead, The Changing Culture of an Indian Tribe (New York: Capricorn Books, 1965), 134-6. First published in 1932.
(n11.) Alice C. Fletcher and Francis LaFlesche, The Omaha Tribe (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), vol. 2, 326. (First published in 1911).
(n12.) These conclusions are based on Mead's own reporting, in Margaret Mead, Letters from the Field, 1925-1975, ed. by Ruth Narda Anshen (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), 96-8, on Jane Howard, Margaret Mead: A Lift (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), 362-6, and Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983), Chapter 6.
(n13.) James R. Murie, Ceremonies of the Pawnee, ed. by Douglas R. Parks (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989). First published as Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, 27 (1981).
(n14.) The quote is from White, The Content of the Form, 82.
(n15.) John Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 20.
(n16.) Joan Mark, A Stranger in Her Native Land: Alice Fletcher and the American Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988); Ruth E. Pathe, "Gene Weltfish, 1902-1980," in Ute Gacs, Aisha Khan, Jerrie McIntyre, and Ruth Weinberg, eds., Women Anthropologists: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988) 372-81, and Ann Margeton, "Anthropology Begins at Home: Reflections of a Daughter," in Stanley Diamond, ed., Theory and Practice: Essays Presented to Gene Weltfish (The Hague: Mouton, 1980), 351-56; Murie, Ceremonies of the Pawnee, vii-x.
(n17.) Lerner, The Woman in American History, 32; Evans, Born for Liberty, 76-7.
(n18.) Murie, Traditions of the Pawnee, 33. The preceding four paragraphs in this paper are modified from the account in David J. Wishart, An Unspeakable Sadness: The Dispossession of the Nebraska Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).
(n19.) Fletcher and LaFlesche, The Omaha Tribe, vol. 2, 326.
(n20.) James Owen Dorsey, Omaha Sociology, Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Amerian Ethnology, 1881-2 (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1884), 266-7.
(n21.) Mead, The Changing Culture of an Indian Tribe, 25-6, 142-3. Also, Janet Mancini Billson, "Standing Tradition on its Head: Role Reversal among Blood Couples," Great Plains Quarterly, 11 (Winter 1991), 3-21.
(n22.) Fletcher and LaFlesche, The Omaha Tribe, vol. 2, 339; Dorsey, Omaha Sociology, 266-7.
(n23.) Henry J. Carlton, The Prairie Logbooks: Dragoon Campaigns to the Pawnee Villages in 1844 and to the Rocky Mountains in 1845. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983), 76.
(n24.) George Bird Grinnell, Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk Tales (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961), 46.
(n25.) Maximilian, Price of Wied, Travels in the Interior of North America, 1832-1834, in Thwaites, Early Western Travels, 22, 225; Carlton, The Prairie Logbooks, 76.
(n26.) E. H. Carr, What is History? (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), 34.
(n27.) F. R. Ankersmit, "Reply to Professor Zagorin," History and Theory, 21, 3 (1990), pp. 275-96.
(n28.) Ankersmit, "Historiography and Postmodernism," 148-9; Gordon S. Wood, "Novel History," (Review of Simon Schama, Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)), The New York Review of Books, June 27, 1991, 12-16.
Acknowledgement: The author thanks Fran Kaye of the Department of English, University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Matthew Hannah of the Department of Geography, University of Vermont for their comments on this paper.
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